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Black History Month Timeline
1619 First Africans arrive in Jamestown, Virginia as indentured servants.
1713 England secures sole right to supply African slaves to Spanish colonies.
1789 U. S. Constitution ratified, equates slaves to 3/5ths of a white citizen.
1798 1808 Decade in which largest number of African slaves imported into U.S.
1807 U. S. Congress outlaws import of African slaves; importation continues to 1860.
1819 U. S. law equates slave trading with piracy.
1830 - Convention of the People of Color organizes to oppose slavery and discrimination in free states.
1843 Sojourner Truth, escaped slave, lectures for abolition of slavery.
1857 U. S. Supreme Court issues Dred Scott decision holding that African-Americans could not be U. S. citizens and have none of the rights of citizens.
1859 Last slave ship arrives in Mobile, Alabama.
1862 Abraham Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation September 22, 1862.
1863 January 1, 1863 Emancipation Proclamation takes effect.
1865 13th Amendment to U. S. Constitution abolishing slavery approved and ratified.
1866 U. S. Congress passes Civil Rights Act conferring citizenship on black Americans, thereby granting equal rights with whites.
1868 14th Amendment to U. S. Constitution granting citizenship to anyone born or naturalized in U. S. ratified.
1870 15th Amendment to U. S. Constitution granting right of U. S. citizens to vote ratified.
1875 Civil Rights Act of 1875 guaranteeing equal rights to blacks on jury duty and in public accommodations, except schools, enacted.
1883 Civil Rights Act of 1875 declared unconstitutional by U. S. Supreme Court. Court further declares 14th Amendment forbids states, but not citizens or privately owned facilities, from discrimination. Decision leads to segregated Jim Crow laws.
1896 U. S. Supreme Court issues decision in Plessy V. Ferguson, ruling that separate but equal doctrine satisfies 14th Amendment guarantees. Decision allows states to legislate and protect segregation by law.
1905 The Niagara Movement, led by WEB Dubois and William Monroe Trotter formed.
1909 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) formed.
1911 National Urban League organized.
1917 U. S. Supreme Court strikes down Kentucky ordinance which mandates segregated neighborhoods.
1925 Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters organized.
1936 Jesse Owens becomes first American to win four Olympic gold medals in track and field.
1939 Marian Anderson barred from singing in Constitutional Hall in Washington, D.C.
1947 Jackie Robinson brought up to play for the Brooklyn Dodgers and becomes the first black on major league team.
1950 Ralph Bunche receives Nobel Peace Prize.
1954 Decision of U. S. Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education rules racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional. Decision overturns separate but equal doctrine of Plessy v. Ferguson.
1955 Rosa Parks refuses to give up seat on bus to white man in Montgomery, Alabama.
1956 In response to Montgomery bus boycott, U. S. Supreme Court rules segregation on buses illegal.
1957 Schools integrated in Little Rock, Arkansas with aid of federal troops.
1957 Civil Rights Act of 1957 to protect voting rights of blacks approved by U. S. Congress.
1963 People of all races participate in March on Washington in support of equal rights for blacks. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivers I Have a Dream speech.
1964 Civil Rights Act of 1964 banning discrimination in employment, voting and places of public accommodation signed into law by Lyndon B. Johnson.
1965 1965 Voting Rights Act outlawing literacy tests and poll taxes passed by U. S. Congress.
1966 Militant Black Panthers founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale.
1968 Martin Luther King, Jr. assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee.
1968 Civil Rights Act of 1968 prohibiting discrimination in the sale, rental and financing of housing signed by Lyndon B. Johnson.
1971 U. S. Supreme Court in Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education upholds busing as a legitimate means to achieve desegregation and integration of schools.
1991 Civil Rights Act of 1991 strengthens Civil Rights Act of 1964 by providing for damages in intentional employment discrimination cases.
2003 U. S. Supreme Court upholds policy of University of Michigan Law School, ruling that race can be one factor used by colleges to select students to obtain a diverse student body.
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